Gogols Petersburg Tales Essay Example for Free

Gogols Petersburg Tales Essay Compare Nikolai Gogol’s â€Å"The Overcoat† with the other St. Petersburg tales. Nikolai Gogol’s St. Petersburg stories have been interpreted as tales of social injustice, urban and human isolation, psychological studies, love stories, moralistic fables and social satires. In keeping with emerging trends of â€Å"naturalistic† writing, the stories deal with relatively lowly members of the social strata in the Petersburg bureaucracy – the everyman. This essay will compare â€Å"The Overcoat† with â€Å"Diary of a Madman† and â€Å"The Nose† and examine how each of the main characters in Gogol’s stories survives in the seemingly unnatural and fabricated world of St. Petersburg. The principal character in â€Å"The Overcoat†, Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin buries himself so deeply in his paltry work of copying documents that his work almost supersedes the actual reality in which he inhabits, he is described walking through the streets of St. Petersburg oblivious to the people around him or the rubbish being thrown out windows onto him, he sees nothing but a line of beautiful words to copy. He later does the same when obsessing about the coat which he is having made to shield him from the bitter Russian winter. This need to cloak and insulate oneself from the cold harshness of modern society is an idea which runs through these three stories, and seemed to preoccupy Gogol himself. He was a secretive person about which very little is known, he said himself in his letters â€Å"But how can one judge about a secretive person in whom everything is inside, whose character hasn’t even taken shape but who is still educating himself in his soul and whose every move produces only misunderstanding? How can one make conclusions about such a person basing oneself on a few traits which have inadvertently stuck themselves out? Won’t this be the same as to conclude about a book by a few sentences torn out of it – not in order either, but from different passages.† Gogol was interested in how the character and worth of someone is judged by others, the characte rs in The Petersburg Stories are all defined, both by themselves and by others, by their professions, which are comically insignificant, Akaky Akakievich copied pages and Poprishchin in â€Å"Diary of a Madman† was in charge of pencil sharpening. These characters are defined by the role they serve as part of the bureaucracy rather than by any kind of individual identity. Gogol paints a picture of a society in which values the most superficial aspects of a person, an idea which is taken to comical new heights in â€Å"The Nose†Ã‚  when the preposterous and vain main character Major Kovalyov loses something which serves no great purpose other than normalising one’s appearance – his nose. Escapism is essential for Gogol’s characters. Each of the main characters feels happiest when they are detached from reality, when they have some sort of rosy, imaginary insulation between them and the inescapable monotony of their lowly lives. Akaky Akakievich is described garnering a disproportionate amount of joy from his work copying documents, smiling to himself as he coppied letters he particularly liked, going home and copying just for fun and â€Å"when all strive to divert themselves† going to bed â⠂¬Å"smiling at thought of coming day†. Akaky puts all of his faith and love and passion into something arbitrary and ultimately meaningless as a coping mechanism, for how else would he survive his pitiful life? The main character in â€Å"Diary of a Madman† Poprishkin is driven to a similar detachment from the real world as his lowly and socially immobile position as a titular councillor becomes too much to bear. He loses his sanity but arguably gains something of greater value; confidence and social mobility. In creating a world for himself where he is no longer one of many middle aged, poorly paid low ranking civil servants but the King of Spain he frees himself from his suffocating ties to societal norms, he no longer believes in the inherent superiority of those of a higher social status, he even has the audacity to call his employer as â€Å"an ordinary doornail, a simple doornail, nothing more. The kind used in doors†. Similarly, Kovalyov deludes himself to give his life a sense of importance and signi ficance. He gives himself the title of â€Å"Major† and struts down Nevsky Prospect making eye contact with everyone and imagining attention from ladies that he passes. The key difference between the coping mechanism employed by Akaky and the methods used by Poprishkin and Kobalev is that Akaky’s world is not one which elevates his social status. His extremely introverted behaviour does not disrupt the status quo. It is arguably their obsession with class and how they appear to others which causes all of both Kovalev and Poprishkin’s strife. Contrastingly, Akaky just wants to be left alone, he doesn’t care that people often see him with trifle or hay stuck to the back of his cape, this makes Akaky a more likeable, sympathetic character, he is completely harmless and innocent a perfect victim. This is the only story in which Gogol allows us to be fully sympathetic with a character. There are indeed moments in â€Å"Diary of a Madman† which could and should stir sympathy for Poprishkin in the reader, but Gogol always undermines these moments with a humorous or nonsensical comment. In â€Å"The Overcoat† however, the narrative tone flips from heart wrenchingly sad to funny and light hearted and then back again in the space of a page – Gogol displays his talent for evoking sympathy and emotion in a reader and his gift for comedy side by side. It is not just the characters who seek to cover themselves up and conceal the truth from the reader; there is a lack of reliability coupled with nonsense running through all three of the narratives which obstinately refuses to make sense. â€Å"The Overcoat† introduces us to this immediately, it begins with a digression â€Å"In the department of but it is better not to mention the department.† The narrator continues in this vein, using a conversational, unreliable tone, often forgetting the facts or losing their place in the story. Gogol’s deliberate elusiveness undermines the idea of the omniscient authorial voice of the narrator and injects suspicion and confusion into the narrative. Gogol uses a similar narrative voice in â€Å"The Nose†. The narrator of â€Å"The Nose† is similarly uninformed and forgetful and makes no attempt to elucidate the reason for all the bizarre occurrences in the story. Things in these stories can often just disappear into a puff of smoke, Gogol increases the confusion, and elusiveness with the use of a lot of mist and smoke imagery, he is like a magician, cloaking his intentions, keeping himself safe behind a cloud of nonsense and a mist of confusion. Gogol’s St. Petersburg stories portray many different types of characters, but pervading through the stories and uniting them is this sense of heightened self-consciousness a need to protect oneself from a befuddling, cold harsh world. Gogol himself put it best in another St Petersburg story – Nevsky Prospekt â€Å"It had seemed as if some demon had crumbled the world into bits and mixed all these bits indiscriminately together† Bibliography Gogol, Nikolai translated by Macandrew, Andrew R and Meyer, Priscilla The Diary of a Madman and Other Stories SIGNET CLASSICS, January 2005, New York, NY/US One Of The Oldest Cases Of Schizophrenia In Gogols Diary Of A Madman Eric Lewin AltschulerBMJ: British Medical Journal , Vol. 323, No. 7327 (Dec. 22 29, 2001), pp. 1475-1477 Published by: BMJ Publishing Group Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25468632 Cloaking the Self: The Literary Space of Gogols Overcoat Charles C. Bernheimer PMLA , Vol. 90, No. 1 (Jan., 1975), pp. 53-61 Published by: Modern Language Association Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/461347 The Laughter of Gogol R. W. Hallett Russian Review , Vol. 30, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 373-384 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/127792

The Price of Revenge in Sleepers and Valentine :: Sleepers Valentine

The Price of Revenge in Sleepers and Valentine Many people advocate the philosophy of "An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth," but few of them realize that to take revenge is often to sacrifice oneself and that the very purpose of law is to put an end to revenge. People are willing to sacrifice their freedom, their careers, and even their lives for revenge. Lorenzo Carcaterra's novel Sleepers, and Tom Savage's novel, Valentine, evidently express this. Although its true that it might take couple of years for criminals to get what they deserve, most of the time the law gets the job done. In addition, some may argue that the law doesn't always ensure justice. This is also true, but it’s still not worth to sacrifice oneself. We should let the law do its job. People may sacrifice their freedom for revenge. In Sleepers, John Reilly and Tommy Marcano could not forget the humiliation they suffered at the Wilkinson Home for Boys. One day, they saw Sean Nokes, one of the guards who never planned on a reunion with the two boys, sitting in a bar. They recognized him at first glance and didn't want to give up this valuable chance for Nokes to pay for what he did to them. Both of them pulled out their guns and shot Nokes to death in cold blood. The shots that took away their enemy's life soon took away their own freedom. They were both arrested and put into jail. People may sacrifice their careers for revenge as well. Michael Sullivan, after being released from the Wilkinson Home, had never again had a problem with the law. Moreover, he graduated with honors from high school and eventually became a New York City assistant district attorney. But his career was destined to be destroyed when he decided to go after the other guards. "It's payback time", Michael said," John and Tommy started it, I can finish it" (Carcaterra p.271). As the prosecuting attorney, he set the witness (one of the guards) up and purposely lost the case. Although his revenge plan succeeded, his reputation as a lawyer was ruined. He never practiced law again and became a carpenter. It's a tragedy that this law school student doesn't believe in law. People may even sacrifice their lives for revenge. In Valentine, Victor Dimorta is an abused boy.

Ebooks & libraries Essay

Ebooks are now becoming more popular in libraries as confirmed by two recent conferences: the Charleston Conference and London Online. This is because library users find it more convenient to use ebooks as compared to printed sources. John Barnes of Cengage announce to the Charleston audience that their users prefer electronic though they still sell more print than electronic reference. In line with this, he believed that libraries have to â€Å"move faster away from print reference† so as to meet the growing demand for ebooks. He also added that the cost per use of the print collection was 5 times greater than the electronic collection. The demand for e-reference books, including dictionaries, almanacs, encyclopedias, and handbooks, continued to rise since it had been included in library systems. In view of this, the presenters showed some issues that were to be addressed, particularly monitoring the usage of scholarly monographs. Peter Shephard of Project COUNTER said that the COUNTER to be installed in many libraries will be of great help in usage reporting. Currently, there are eight libraries that use the system. Ebooks experienced high use despite little promotion. Compared to printed references, ebooks can be more profitable since it can be sold directly to students and libraries. For now, ebook usage are undergoing intensive studies as to how it will work. However, since there are many different types of ebooks, researchers are having a hard time identifying usage patterns. Nevertheless, ebooks are available in libraries for use in research, reference, and more. LIST OF REFERENCES Tenopir, C. (2008). Ebooks Arrive. Library Journal, 133(2):25, January 2

The First Year Writing Program - 883 Words

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Personal experience and examples provide a reasonable amount of evidence for a reader. This will show that the topic being written about can happen and impact any individual. Also, honesty is crucial when wanting to make a point about the topic being written about. Writing that sends a message is essential due to the fact that the reader can identify that the author is writing for a purpose and wants the reader to take away a lesson or idea from reading that piece. Incidentally, my goalsShow MoreRelatedWriting As A Good Writer967 Words   |  4 PagesWriting is something that we use every day to convey our thoughts or ideas to people. It can be something as simple as taking notes in class or writing a resume for a future employer. You may not be writing to always give your work to someone else but even learning the proper way to take notes for yourself is a helpful tool to becoming a better writer. It also allows you to obtain the information more than once. 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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1099 Words

â€Å"My mind is on fire as I fear that any second, another enemy round will rip into my body and finish me off† (Johnson 2). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) effects the lives of many soldiers after returning home from war. PTSD is a psychiatric condition described in the DSM-IV as, a condition that requires a specific event to have occurred as a criterion for the diagnosis. The criteria for this disorder, according to the book Combat Trauma, can include flashbacks, times where you feel as if you are reliving the traumatic event, shame or guilt, upsetting dreams about the traumatic event, trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event, feeling emotionally numb or not feeling at all, anger or irritability, poor or destructive relationships, self-destructive behavior, trouble sleeping, memory problems, hallucinations, not enjoying activities you one enjoyed and feeling as if you no longer know who is living your day-to-day life. James D. Johnson elaborately explains the everyday battles of living with PTSD in the book, Combat Trauma: A Personal Look at Long-term Consequences. Johnson describes living with PTSD as a, â€Å"lifetime sentence†. There are many ways that PTSD is being treated in the United States, including psychotherapies and pharmacological drugs. The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) works with veterans that struggle with PTSD to help them overcome their traumas and try to get the veterans back to living their normal everyday lives. â€Å"I shouldShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesToday we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. 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Oil Is The Lifeblood Of The Modern World - 894 Words

When the Oil Runs Out Oil is the lifeblood of the modern world. Oil is a form of fossil fuel, which includes coal and natural gas. There are household items like clothing, ink, crayons, pillows, shoes, electrical tape, etc. We use oil for not only fuel, but also various types of plastics, synthetic materials, and chemical products (ConocoPhillips 2016). From the article written by Robert Lamb, it says, in 2009, oil wells around the world pumped 84 to 85 million barrels out of the Earth and countries consumed just as much. [Source EIA]. Can you think what could happen if we ran out of oil? In October of 2014, the International Business Times created an article stated that according to the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, there are 1.3 trillion barrels of proven oil that is reserved and is left in the world’s major fields, which at present rates of consumption should last only 40 years (Lambo 1998-2016). There are ways we can reduce our intake on oil by using less oil than we need. We can use alternative energy that is renewable like wind, water, solar, and other renewable energy technologies. It took nearly hundreds of millions of years to create the world oil reserves. In less than a century, before oil became the commodity on which the world is power turned. The article written by Robert Lamb, states that before the gradual downfall begins, we can reach a point known as peak oil. Imagine a carafe filled with coffee. Pour cup after cup without effort until the stream ofShow MoreRelatedOil Is The Lifeblood Of The Modern World878 Words   |  4 PagesOil is the lifeblood of the modern world. Oil is form of fossil fuel, which includes coal and natural gas. There are household items like clothing, ink, crayons, pillows, shoes, electrical tape, etc. We use oil for not only fuel, but also various types of plastics, synthetic materials, and chemical products (ConocoPhillips 2016). 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Tourism Futures Caribbean Tourism

Question: Discuss about theTourism Futures for Caribbean Tourism. Answer: Introduction: Similar to consumer product the Caribbean tourism marketed and packaged towards mass consumption. The Caribbean tourism industry can be compared easily with industries like the forestry and petroleum production with ways that includes the commoditization and the exploitation of the natural resources with Caribbean tourism also based on mainly the natural resources such as the sea, sand and sun (Goodwin, 2008). Through the natural resources exploitation as well as commoditization, this Caribbean tourism helps towards providing the pathway both regarding the economic development and regarding giving source for local government to exploit those. This industry of Caribbean tourism differs also from the paradigm that is typical of the exploitation, the commoditization of the natural resources to the degree that is based on the impacts that directly affects the social conditions and the local culture. The continuous arrivals of the foreign tourists have towards the disrupting of the local norms those are social and the traditions and the institutions those are cultural affect potentially. The preservation relating to the cultural and the social stability merely does not provide the principle that threatens with cultivating divisions among these Caribbean communities that is local. Caribbean Stake Holder Analysis The sustainable practices affect the various stakeholders. The inhabitants of the islands are the first affected with a small population of close to one million consisting of the various islands. The framework towards the policy for these inhabitants began with the development process with the demographics, the size and the population with figures providing the income and the gaps that were primary to the sustainment of the tourism goals. Apart from the inhabitants the tourists those who are arriving in the Caribbean make the sustainability drive. The area relating to the tourism brings close to $ 10 million or more business that helps the economy as this is the main source that drives the island nation within the Caribbean region for the sustainment of the entire ecology and the people of this region (Holder, 2007). This is mainly the active sector in this Caribbean region as it focuses more beach tourism. The investments that are provided for this sector is primarily important to the need related to the sustainability regarding the development of the tourism. The region that thrives to put forward the fact that average 55% tourism expenditure moves out of the destination nation but this commonwealth area of Caribbean having least expenditure moving out of region helps the sustainability issue. Tourism Life Cycle Prior to the proper analysis of the Caribbean the need to address the Tourism Life cycle area of Butlers. This landmark study related to the area, the flow of the events that provides to the areas that dictate the business resort success in the long term with the depiction of the normal flow related to those events in the cycle that are to follow. The part where the Caribbean plan related to the sustainability does not address really is the extension and the continuation of the Caribbean life cycle (Butler, 2006). The plan that are applied by the local authorities with the plans related to the study is exactly not meant with the areas to extend the tourism trade declining life, since the area related to the tourism in this region of the Caribbean is growing and getting bigger year on year. This does not provide to suggest that it does not effect, as plans need to be made keeping the future that foreseeable with complementing the 2040 plan for maintain the economic growth and the risi ng tourist sector. Tourism Development Stages There are three stages of tourism development that Caribbean government has to undertake to ensure that the diverse use of environment is taken place. The first year consists of ten year plan emphasis up on creating healthier environment like recycling programs, fostering developments in the near future and formulating policies. The second case is for twenty years with the focus on sustainability in cultural and the last aspect is encompassing both. It involves the future elements associated with renovating the procedures and policies continuously that aims for sustainability. First Stage (1-10 Years) The first approach adopted by Caribbean is to establish Sustainability Council through centralized mode and legal mode. The logo of sustainable tourism is One Caribbean, One sea and one voice (OneCaribbean, 2016). Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association has taken an initiative with the help of Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism (CAST) by working with strategic partners OBM International for looking into the sustainability of Caribbean region. The Council authoritative has to work on various aspects so that sustainability can be expressed through use of resources and replacement in islands. With this sustainability can also be maintained by incorporating culture where the tradition and inhabitations life are not at stake. The first issue in way of sustainability is energy consumption that is based on oil dependency and also use of alternative such as non-green for generating energy. As the price of oil is increasing it is becoming difficult for inhabitants so using alternatives will fetch in expansion, increased purchasing power and investing in business. The cost to the business should be lowered for attracting tourists thereby, increasing revenue and growth of Island (Davies, 2002). The Council gas to ensure growth of renewable resources by raising the supply as in the case. Due to expensive technology it will be impossible to implement in high number but, the demand may rise and with this growth in infrastructure can be seen. The main problem in Caribbean is the mono product that is being sold i.e. Sand and Sea. The region is only famous for this product that mostly attracts tourists. Additionally, the ecological footprint also needs to be protecting its natural resources affecting the environment. The natural resource has to be protected with the climatic change that is occurring in the location. The flora, fauna, oceans etc. have to be protected from damages as with the rising population deforestation is taking place. The Caribbean tourism organization has to set up policies by incorporating littering fines, programs for recycling and wildlife restoration. Second Stage (10-20 Years) In this stage the first issue is culture as before 50 years it was declining the reason being immigration and repressive policies. Caribbean is a diverse states ethnically that involves Europeans, Africans, Lebanese, Chinese, Jews and other groups too. The values and ideas about the culture awareness have to be increased by being culturally diverse for serving tourist. For building culture awareness the topics should be taught in schools for increasing the longevity. With this cultural festivals should also be held that helps in sharing the fashion by promoting tourism for visitors and local host. The government should also generate funds by promoting festivals by indulging into source of entertainment and fluency of language by supporting programs. Language encompasses a big component in culture for fostering sustainability in the process by talking to people via spreading knowledge. This reduces the gap of culture dislocation by encouraging the host population to participate in the cultural activities by taking pride. The festivals such as St. Lucias annual Jazz or Carnival taking place Tobago (Zappino, 2005). This festivals taking place in Caribbean region is even working in peak low seasons by earning revenue through spectators and participants. The last aspect of sustainability is for families in Caribbean that is linked to agriculture and fishing. The trend is being continuing since centuries that are now linked to cultural aspect. The solution that can be generated is urban farming that helps the families in having its own single plot for each individual in cities. The cultural barriers created for families have to be removed by Caribbean Travel Organization (CTO) by removing the barrier of fishing. The business idea shared by contributing in the long-term is via earning business revenue in short-term by being a Caribbean brand. This attention is also grabbed by the media sources for promoting a location. Third Stage (25 Years) The last stage is incorporating plans by having an effective control of system by implementing it in an efficient manner. This is done for sustainable environment by establishing policies that benefits the visitors and tourists. This controlling and monitoring in case of policies is mandatory for maintaining the sustainability that is successful. The region should focus up on working on entire process for generating sustainability by finding methods for raising the sustainability of the last ten years. This includes improving performance of business by economic or considering cultural elements of population. This stage is on the maintenance plan by implementing best measures by taking measures that is suitable and appropriate. This has two aspects- culture is surveying about the population by learning about local cultures and being bilingual. Another is sector of renewable energy that is used to measure the amount of release in environment and composing renewable energy percentage in the sector. The most crucial is increasing the demand as tourist destination by attracting more and more visitors. According to Clare Gunns study of tourism there are forces that work on the tourism equilibrium in the environment residing. The demand forces in the market is an indicator of expenses that is encompassing for stay, things and activities that can be performed, cost of area visiting and area beauty (Gunn, 1980). The quality and sharing of information via online tools with this marketing campaign for influencing people by making it a hotspot for visitors. According to UNWTO reports staggering developments in tourism is taking place and Caribbean has position its market by acting as driving force in economic diversification. Caribbean Pestle Analysis The PESTLE analysis related to the Caribbean is important for knowing the areas and the factors that work in that region. With better relations among the locals and the authorities, bring strong political climate that suggests the closeness in the cooperation regarding the development of the Caribbean region. The area though largely not affected by the economic, as large economic gap does not exist in the region with people happily understanding the tourism provides the livelihood that helps towards reduction in the poverty and bettering the lives of the local community at large(Daye et al., 2008). The cultural factors with the tourism helping this local and the social culture to exhibit that remains important towards the sustainment of the plans. The technology with regards to the implementation of the energy programs require the implementation that helps the sustainability with affordability and spreading with the local government supporting the initiatives with the environment and the resources towards creating renewable energy. Thus Caribbean with better climatic conditions and growing tourism has better cultural and social ethos that help the sustainable plan 2040. References Butler, R. (2006)The tourism area life cycle. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Davies, P. (2002). Tourism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Daye, M. et al. (2008)New perspectives in Caribbean tourism. New York: Routledge. Goodwin, J. (2008) Sustainable Tourism Development in the Caribbean Island Nation-States.Michigan Journal of Public Affairs. 52-3. Gunn, C. (1980). Tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(4), pp.617-619. Holder, J. (2007) Pattern and impact of tourism on the environment of the Caribbean.Tourism Management. 12 (4), 119-127. Lambert, E. (2009) Nature Island Tourism: Applying an Eco-Tourism Sustainability Framework to the Island Of Dominica.Journal of Environmental Studies. 7. McLeod, M. (2015) Caribbean Tourism.Tourism Management. [Online] 48316-317. Sharpley, R. (2006). Travel and tourism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Zappino, V. (2005). Caribbean Tourism and development: An overview. [online] ecdpm.org. Available at: https://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/DP-65-Caribbean-Tourism-Industry-Development-2005.pdf [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016].